HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION (2500BC-1750BC)
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| HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION |
> The oldest name- Indus Civilization.
> According to the archaeological tradition, the most appropiate name -Harappan Civilization { Harappa the first discover site}.> According to geographical point of view, the most suitable name - Indus saraswati civilization { the largest concentration of settlement- along the indus - saraswati river valley; 80% settlement along the saraswati}.
> The most accepted period 2500 BC- 1750 BC by carbon 14 dating.
> John marshall was the first scholar to use the term Indus Civilization.
> The indus civilization belongs to Proto- Historic Period {Chalcolithic Age / Bronze Age }
> The indus civilization was spread over sindh , Baluchistan punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western U.P and Northern Maharashtra.
> Scholars generally believe that Harappa- Ghaggar-Mohenjodaro axis represents the heartland of the Indus Civilization .
> The Northern most site of indus civilization - Ropar {sutlaj}/ Punjab{Earlier} ; Manda {Chenab}/ Jammu- kashmir {Now}.
>The southern most site of indus civilization - Bhagatrav {Kim}/ Gujarat {Earlier}; Daimabad {Pravara}/ Maharashtra {Now}
> The Eastern most site of indus civilization- Alamgirpur (U.P).
>The Western most site of indus civilization- Sutkagendor {Markan Coast } pakistan- iran Border}.
> Capital Cities- Harappa, Mohenjodaro
> Port Cities - Lothal, Sutkagendor, Allahdino, Balakot, Kuntasi .
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Rakhal Das Bannerji{1922}, Mackay{1927}, Wheeler{1930] |
Chanhudaro |
Indus |
Nawabshah |
Sindh |
Pakistan |
Mackay{1925}, N.G. Mazumdar{1931} |
Lothal |
Bhogava |
Ahmedabad |
Gujarat |
India |
S.R.Rao {1954} |
Kalibanga |
Ghaggar |
Hanumangarh |
Rajasthan |
India |
Amalanand Ghosh {1951}, B.V.Lal & B.K. Thapar {1961} |
Banawali |
Ghaggar |
Fatehabad |
Haryana |
India |
R.S.Bisit {1973} |
Dholavira |
Luni |
Kutchh |
Gujarat |
India |
J.P. Joshi {1967-68} |
> Rakhigarhi is the largest indian site of indus civilization.
> Lothal was the ancient port of indus civilization.
> Common Features of Major Cities;
1. Systematic town planning on the lines of "girid system"
2. Use of Burnt bricks in constructions.
3. Underground drainage system {giant water reservoirs in dholavira}.
4. Fortified Citadel {exception chanhudaro}.
> Surkotada {kutchh district, Gujarat}: The only indus site where the remains of a horse have actually been found.
> Main Crops : Wheat & Barely;' Evidence of cultivation of rice in Lothal & Rangpur only .
> other crops : Dates, mustard, sesamumm, cotton etc.
>Induspeople were the first to produce cotton in the world.
> Animals: Sheep, goat, humped, and humpless bull, buffalo, boar, dog, cat, pig, fowl, deer, tortoise, elephant, camel, rhinoceros, tiger etc.
> Lion was not known to indus people. From Amari, a single instanse of the indian rhinoceros has been reported.
> There was extensive inland and foreign trade. Foreign trade with Mesopotamia or sumeria {Modern Iraq}, Bahrain etc. Flourished.
>Exports: Agriculture products, cotton ,goods, terracotta, figurines, pottery, certain beads { from chanhudaro}, conch-shell { from lothal} , ivory products, copper etc.
> A very interesting feature of this civilization was the iron was not known to the people.
> The sumerian texts refer to trade relations with "Meluha which was the name given to the indus region.
> shatughai & Mundigaq were the indus sites found in Afghanistan.
> The sumerian texts also refer two intermediate stations-Dilmun (Bahrain) and Makan(Makaran coast) Susa and Ur are Mesopotanian places where Harrapan seals were found.
> The Harappans were the earliest people to produce cotton.
>As there is no evidence of coins, barter is assumed to have been the normal method of exchange of goods.
>The Indus civilization was primarily urban.
> The most commonly found figurine is that of mother goddess ( Matridevi or shakti) .
> The chief male diety was the 'pashupati Mahadeva' i.e. the lord of animals represented in seals as sitting in yogic posture; he is surrounded by four animals ( elephant, tiger, rhino & buffalo) and two deer at his feet.
> The origin of the swastika symbol can be traced to the indus civilization.
> The majority of scholars belive that the makers of this indus civilization .
> Contemprory civilizations of indus civilization-Mesopotamia, Egypt and china .
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Nice...
ReplyDeleteand very useful